Level Adoption of Feed and Organic Fertilizer Technology Based on By Products of Oil Palm Plantation Industry in Lamandau District, Central Kalimantan

The main problem of livestock raising is feed, for that reason, the government issued a policy about integrated livestock farming with plants/plantations especially oil palm which has the potential to produce feed resources which was abundant, inexpensive, continuous and does not compete with human needs. The activity was carried out in Lamandau District, Central Kalimantan Province. The objective of the research is to look at the level of adoption of complete feed technology from the by-products of the oil palm plantation industry and organic fertilizer in order to initiate the activities of palm oil cattle integration. A total of 10 farmer groups, 3 individuals and 1 Livestock Breeding Center of Agriculture services were becoming cooperators. The business activities of cooperator were including animal husbandry, horticultural crop farming and oil palm plantations. The assessment of the level of adoption is done through interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and field monitoring, which are classified into 3 criteria, namely low (0.0 33.3%), moderate (33.4 66.7%) and high (66.8 100%). Introduction of technology and accompaniment activities were carried out for 3 years. The FGD activities involved various stakeholders such as the Regional Government, PBS of Palm Oil, Banking, and Farmer Groups. Direct practice is done for farmer group learning. The results of this study showed that in the first year only 1 farmer group adopted feed and organic fertilizer technology. The second year the level of adoption of cattle feed was 33.33% with the range production of 5-20 tons/month, solid organic fertilizer 33.33% with the ring production of 3-20 tons/month and liquid organic fertilizer (biourine) 33.33% with the range production of 1,000-4,000 liters/month. The third year the adoption level of cattle feed is 100% with the range production of 1-20 tons/month, 100% solid organic fertilizer with the range production of 1-20 tons/month and 33.33% liquid organic fertilizer with the range production of 1,000-4,000 liters/month. The conclusion is the adoption of feed technology was greater, followed by organic fertilizer and finally liquid fertilizer technology. This is related to how important is its use in the field. Commitment of local government and PBS of palm oil is needed to help easily and continuously obtain feed and fertilizers materials of palm oil mill byproduct and facilitating marketing of their products.


INTRODUCTION
Feed is still a problem in livestock farming activities. Therefore the government issued a policy with an integrated approach between livestock and plants / plantations, mainly with oil palm plantations. This is due to the potential for feed resources provided by the byproduct of the oil palm plantation industry is abundant, inexpensive, continuous and does not compete with human needs. Some types of waste that have potential as animal feed are solid oil palm and palm kernel meal (BIS) (Utomo and Widjaja, 2004;Widjaja et al., 2005;Widjaja and Utomo, 2006;Utomo and Widjaja, 2012;Widjaja and Utomo, 2014).
Beef cattle population in Lamandau District was reported 3,956 with the most population in Bulik District 1,172 (29.63%), second in Sematu Jaya District 915 (23.13%) and the smallest population in Batangkawa District 155 tails (3.92% ) (BPS Lamandau, 2018). Requires alternative animal feed resources because forage (grass) is relatively difficult in the dry land of Lamandau District.
At present the commodity of palm oil becomes excellent because the type of land in Lamandau District is very suitable for oil palm plantations (Pemda Lamandau, 2018). Oil palm plantations in Lamandau District are spread across 7 districts with a total plantation area (smallholders + PBS of Oil Palm) of 175,480.46 Ha and with production of 288,856.76 tons (BPS Lamandau, 2018;BAPPEDA Lamandau, 2018).
Based on information from various sources and BPS reports (2017) there are 16 oil palm plantation companies operating in Lamandau District and the results of field monitoring at least 3 palm oil mills (PKS) that produce solid palm oil that have been utilized by farmer groups, namely PT. Gemaraksa Mekarsari (GM), PT. First Lamandau Timber International (FLTI) and PT. Sawit Mahardika Graha (SMG). Especially for PT. Gemaraksa Mekarsari produces 80-100 tons of solid palm oil per day (Syarif, 2019).
If the average of PT. Gemaraksa Mekarsari produces 90 tons/day, can meet the needs of cattle feed in number of 21.333 heads/day (If solid is given 1.5% of cattle body weight with an average body weight of 250 kg/head). Add more the other 2 factories which also produce solid oil palm. Animal feed forage in the per hectare oil palm plantation area can hold 1 head of cattle (PPKS, 2013), if 25% of the total area of oil palm plantations in Lamandau District is integrated with cattle can accommodate around 43,870 head of cattle. Add more the available oil palm fronds of 7.2 kg/day/ha , if the cattle feed needs are 10% of body weight (assuming 250 kg), then the availability of the oil palm fronds can meet 0.2 heads /day/ha, so that the potential for oil palm plantations alone can meet the needs of cattle feed is 1.2 heads / ha. If only 25% of the total area of oil palm plantations in Lamandau District can be integrated with cattle, it can accommodate of 52,644 heads. Thus by utilizing the byproducts of PKS (1 PKS) namely solid oil palm and the byproducts of oil palm plantations (forage between plants and oil palm fronds), the Lamandau District has the potential to develop as many as 73,977 head of cattle throughout the year  . Another potential feed resource is palm kernel cake (BIS). In the District of Lamandau, BIS was produced by PKS of PT. FITL. Nutritional content of BIS is better than solid oil palm . This extraordinary potential has not been maximally utilized due to the lack of technological information to the farmers' community.
The purpose of this study is to disseminate low-cost of complete feed technology based on by-products of the oil palm plantation industry and organic fertilizer as an initiation of oil palmcow integration activities by farmer groups in Lamandau District.

METHODS
The activity was carried out in Lamandau District, Central Kalimantan Province. The location of the activities is close to the palm oil Mill (PKS). The activity is focused on the Pandau Makmur Farmer Group, where the livestock industry activities have begun to run by utilizing the byproduct of the oil palm plantation industry as animal feed, as well as the activities of organic fertilizer production have also been running. Based on the above considerations, the location is made as INTI (Center of Excellence), where other farmer groups can learn and practice directly of cattle farming activities, the process of making complete feed and organic fertilizer.
The material consists of a cage, feed material and organic fertilizer and equipment provided by the Pandau Makmur of Farmer Group, namely cattle (108 animals), solid oil palm (80 tons), fiber (80 tons), (faeces 200 tons), cattle cages, a place for feed processing, a place for processing solid and liquid organic fertilizers, chopper machine, feed mixer, cage equipment (hoe, shovel, rope, arko, wheelbarrow).
A total of 10 farmer groups in Lamandau Regency, each member of the farmer group consists of 25-30 people, 3 individuals and 1 UPT of the Lamandau District Agriculture Office conducting cattle breeding activities as a downstream object of a complete feed technology based on the byproducts of the oil palm plantation industry and organic fertilizer.
The technology downstream process was carried out for 3 years through FGD activities, training and mentoring of farmer groups. The activity involved Researchers from the Indonesian Agricultural Research and Development Agency and extension agent of local SKPD. Technical guidance (Bimtek) and practice are carried out at the location of Pandau Makmur Farmers Group, with consideration that participants can directly participate in the practice of providing feed materials, formulation and processing of feed, making solid and liquid organic fertilizer and can directly see the performance of cattle given the feed of the introduction of technology.
The FGD was held at the beginning of each year for 3 years, which was directly led by the Head of the Agriculture Office of Lamandau District, by involving other stakeholders such as PT. Gema Reksa, BRI Bank of Lamandau District Branch, Kalteng Bank of Lamandau District Branch, Extensions in the District of Lamandau, Heads and representatives of Farmer Groups in 8 Districts (Bulik, Sematu Jaya, Mentobi Raya, Bulik Timur, Delang, Batangkawa, Lamandau, and Belantikan Raya). The FGD was conducted to find out the problem, the progress of the development of the activity and also to capture the commitment of the relevant stakeholders to support the activity, especially from the oil palm plantation company. After the FGD continued with Bimtek and direct practice of prosessing complete feed based on the oil palm plantation industry and organic fertilizer (solid and liquid).
Assistance is carried out until transfer of technology can truly be applied by farmer groups. Assistance and guidance is carried out at the location of the activities of each farmer group. The process of implementing mentoring / coaching activities is carried out by monitoring both directly by visiting the location or indirectly through communication through Social Media to find out the development of activities and problems encountered.
The data collected consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data in the form of information on the characteristics of respondents and information on the adoption / application of complete animal feed technology and organic fertilizer taken through interviews and direct observation in the field. While secondary data in the form of desk studies include information on the general condition of the region and other data related to research activities.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Group of Farmers profile
In general the profile of the farmer groups used by respondents in this research activity is presented in Table 1. In general, the head of the farmer group is still in the young category, with an age range of 30-50 years and the average of 42 years being a productive age (Zainal and Chris , 1991). Furthermore Zainal and Chris (1991) said that the age below 20 years is an age that has not been productive and can be categorized as school age, while the age above 59 years the productivity point has passed the normal point and will decline with age.
The average of cattle ownership are 8 -150 heads and 4 -250 hectares of oil palm plantations. There are two farmer groups that are pioneering palm-cattle integration activities, namely the Pandau Makmur Farmer Group and the Mitra Tani Sejahtera Farmer Group. However, the application of the technology still needs coaching.

Level of Adoption
Adoption of technology is a mental process and behavioral change in the form of knowledge, attitudes and skills of farmers since they know until they decide to apply it (Fachrista and Sarwendah, 2014). The success of the application of technological innovation is influenced by one of the characteristics of farmers or farmer groups (Rondom et al., 2012), including the level of education (Burhansyah, 2014). The skills and knowledge obtained through livestock experience will also affect the level of technology adoption (Gustiani and Permadi, 2015). In this study, the average experience of raising cattle more than 5 years with education dominated by high school. The average age of the head of farmer groups in productive age (Zainal and Chris (1991) so that they are enthusiasm to know the technology and the opportunity to adopt of it is still high. The level of Adoption in this study can be seen in Tables 2, 3

Adoption of complete feed based on byproducts of palm oil industry
The complete feed that was disseminated was recommended by  with the composition of feed formulations are presented in Table 2. The formulation of complete feed mentioned above results in daily body weight gain (PBBH) 0.9 kg/day and has been applied and developed on a higher number of livestock which was 145 heads in the Pandau Makmur Farmer Group on Brahman Cross bulls. Bali cattle owned by UPT of the Department of Agriculture, Lamandau District, in number of 27 heads were given additional feed in the form of solid oil palm instead of complete feed, which originally was 0.2 kg/head/day, increasing to 0.7 kg/head /day . The UPT was only adopted its solid oil palm as feed supplement because of the unavailability of its feed processing equipment. A complete feed formulation was also adopted by the Farmer Group of Tani Subur which was applied to 15 males Balinese cattle. So that complete feed technology has been applied to 187 heads of cattle. The results of the study was strengthening confidence of farmer groups to adopt the technology. Adoption will be carried out if they are very confident of the benefits and losses arising from the implementation of the new technology.
The development of byproducts of palm oil industry as the main feed for cattle has been adopted by several farmer groups and has increased from year to year (Table 3). ingredients, namely solid oil palm. This is because they do not have the equipment for processing a complete feed which was based on byproducts of palm oil industry.
Nevertheless, palm oil has very high potential for animal feed, even if given singly, it can increase PBBH in PO cattle by 0.77 kg/head/day and in Madura cattle, 0.56 kg/head/day (Utomo and Widjaja, 2004). So that although only part of the feed material is adopted, it can increase the efficiency of livestock farming (Widjaja and Utomo, 2006).

The adoption of solid organic fertilizer
Solid organic fertilizer is made by using waste from cattle, that was dung mixed with palm oil mill industry waste (PKS). The composition of materials for making organic solid fertilizer is cattle dung 30.0%; solid palm oil 30.0%; fiber fruit juice: 30.0%; ash: 5.0%; microbes: 0.1%; calk: 4.9%. The analysis results of nutrient content of solid organic fertilizers according to SNI standards 19-7030-2004, several elements have been met according to the criteria .
The introduction of the technology solid organic fertilizer processing began to be developed and adopted since it was introduced at the beginning of this study and has increased the number of farmer groups that have adopted from year to year (Table 4). Within three years the adoption level of animal feed and organic fertilizer is presented in Figure 1. The adoption level of feed product was up to 100%, for solid organic fertilizer was 92.3% while for liquid organic fertilizer was 38.5%. Cattle feed is the highest interest because it is a solution to overcome the production costs of feed which reaches around 70% (Mathius, 2008;Tangendjaja, 2009). Feed raw materials are also abundantly available in the around of the location and it was able to increase the ADG of cattle compared to existing conditions. Such as the case, the utilization of organic fertilizer has been also proven in the field to be able to increase production and income (Hutabarat, 2002;Siswati and Nizar, 2012;Purba, 2016;Widjaja and Utomo, 2019). The results of the application of solid and liquid organic fertilizer in one of the cooperating farmers groups, in the 5 mounds of chilli plants (1 mound length was 30 meters with 100 chilli trees) are able to provide 600 thousand income per day (Utomo, 2019). This is one example of why organic fertilizer is still routinely produced by farmer groups.

The factors affecting the acceleration of technology adoption
Technology will be easily accepted by target farmers, if the technology is in accordance with the needs to be able to solve the problems faced by farmers. Based on observations during the process of technology adoption there are several important things that affect the process of technology adoption, namely: 1. There is a pilot introduction of technology in the Center of Excellent as a place for practice and direct application; 2. Supporting Government of Lamandau District, starting from the Regent and the Head of Agriculture Office, namely facilitating meetings with the factory as a provider of raw materials and at the same time asking the factory to be able to supply raw materials of feed such as solid oil palm and BIS. They were also facilitated meetings with Banks, related to Credit Schemes that can be used by Farmer Groups; 3. Technical guidance followed by direct practice in the field, make easier the introduction of technology was absorbed by participants 4. Mentoring farmer groups, both directly and indirectly, enables the technology was rapidly adopted 5. For farmer groups that do not have complete feed processing machines, by farmer groups that can produce the product, they are given finished feed to be bartered with cattle dung.
Some of the factors mentioned above were in line with the opinion of Soekartawi (2005). The mature technology cannot necessarily be adopted by farmer groups although technically they have mastered it.
The problem is not all farmer groups available equipment for processing animal feed or organic fertilizer. So there are some farmer groups who cannot adopt technology completely. Several farmer groups bartered livestock manure with complete feed based on by-products of oil palm plantation industry from other farmer groups, especially the Farmer Group of Pande Makmur. Another problem is the difficulty in marketing products, both feed and organic fertilizer. Most of the products are used by farmer groups themselves. The need intervention of local government in helping to market these products. This can be overcome by linking regional programs such as the development of horticultural crops and food plants that require organic fertilizer. Thus it will be stimulating the emergence of the organic fertilizer industry in the region by farmer groups.

CONCLUSION
The combination of practice and accompaniment activities as well as strong commitment from the local government caused the adoption of technology of animal feed and organic fertilizer which can be adopted step by step by farmer groups in Lamandau District.
Real results in the field about utilizing the by-products of the oil palm plantation industry both for animal feed and solid organic fertilizers increase the adoption level of technology.
Fertilizer marketing is still a problem, thus affecting the production capability of each farmer group. The regional government should be supporting the activities that have the potential to drive the economy of the region, primarily through the assistance of equipment and material access to the palm oil mills (PKS).
The regional government can facilitate the marketing of its main products, organic fertilizer, it was produced by farmer groups. This can be related with the Regional Government's program on the development of food crops or horticulture that requires organic fertilizer. It also can be lined up with PBS of palm oil to be able to utilize organic fertilizer products from the farmer groups.