Article Sidebar

Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 28 Download : 10

Main Article Content

Abstract

This research examines dual subordination of Indonesian female peacekeepers experiencing layered control from private institutions (family/husbands) and public institutions (state/military). Using critical feminist methodology through qualitative literature-based discourse analysis, this study applies feminist state theory and intersectionality analysis to reveal how the state instrumentalizes marriage institutions controlling female soldiers' professional autonomy. Findings indicate spousal permission requirements for peacekeeping assignments create dual ownership: women belong to husbands privately and the state publicly, making career advancement contingent on spousal approval rather than solely professional competence. Three operational mechanisms function: juridical domestication (codifying marital status as professional determinant), institutional collusion (domestic-military patriarchy collaboration), and internalized patriarchy (women accepting subordination systems). Comparative analysis reveals male soldiers face no equivalent requirements, perpetuating hegemonic masculinity. This study offers a new analytical framework conceptualizing dual ownership through three subordination mechanisms for understanding spousal-permission regulations in troop-contributing countries, advancing knowledge on domestic-institutional patriarchy intersections limiting women's peacekeeping participation.

Keywords

Discriminatory Policy Gender and Military Hegemonic Masculinity Military Masculinity Women Peacekeepers

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite
Nabilaputri, F. F., Sumadinata, R. W. S., & Darmawan, W. B. (2026). Under Two Patriarchal Authorities? Subordination of Female Peacekeepers by Husbands and the State: A Feminist Critique. Ilomata International Journal of Social Science, 7(1), 310-329. https://doi.org/10.61194/ijss.v7i1.2047

References

  1. Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organizations. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139–158. doi:10.1177/089124390004002002
  2. Anthias, F. (2012). Transnational Moblities, Migration Research and Intersectionality: Towards a Translocational Frame. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, 2(2), 102–110.
  3. Arby, I. A. (2020, June 26). Long road to gender equality in Indonesian Military. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/06/26/long-road-to-gender-equality-in-indonesian-military.html
  4. Barrett, F. J. (1996). The Organizational Construction of Hegemonic Masculinity: The Case of the US Navy. Gender, Work & Organization, 3(3), 129–142. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0432.1996.tb00054.x
  5. Bartky, S. L. (2015). Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power. In Femininity and Domination (pp. 62–82). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203825259
  6. Baxter, J. (2003). Positioning Gender in Discourse: A Feminist Methodology. Positioning Gender in Discourse: A Feminist Methodology. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230501263/COVER
  7. Blair-Loy, M. (2005). Competing Devotions: Career and Family Among Women Executives. Harvard University Press. doi:10.4159/9780674021594
  8. Boyd, S. B. (Ed.). (1997). Challenging the Public/Private Divide: An Overview. In Challenging the Public/Private Divide (pp. 3–34). University of Toronto Press. doi:10.3138/9781442672819
  9. Brown, E. K., Guthrie, K. M., Stange, M., & Creech, S. (2021). A Woman in A Man’s World: A Pilot Qualitative Study of Challenges Faced by Women Veterans During and After Deployment. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 22(2). doi:10.1080/15299732.2020.1869068
  10. Budig, M. (2013). The Fatherhood Bonus and The Motherhood Penalty: Parenthood and the Gender Gap in Pay. Third Way (Vol. 53).
  11. Carreiras, H. (2006). Gender Relations, Gendered Organizations, and The Military. In Gender and the Military: Women in the Armed Forces of Western Democracies (pp. 25–55). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203969038
  12. Cockburn, C. (2012). Antimilitarism: Political and gender dynamics of peace movements. Antimilitarism: Political and Gender Dynamics of Peace Movements. doi:10.1057/9780230378391
  13. Cohn, C. (2000). “How Can She Claim Equal Rights When She Doesn’t Have to Do as Many Push-Ups as I Do?” Men and Masculinities, 3(2), 131–151. doi:10.1177/1097184X00003002001
  14. Cohn, C. (2008). Mainstreaming Gender in UN Security Policy: A Path to Political Transformation? In Global Governance: Feminist Perspectives (pp. 185–206). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. doi:10.1057/9780230583931_9
  15. Cohn, C., & Duncanson, C. (2020). Women, Peace and Security in Changing Climate. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 22(5). doi:10.1080/14616742.2020.1843364
  16. Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and The Politics of Empowerment (2nd ed.). Routledge.
  17. Collins, P. H., & Bilge, S. (2016). Intersectionality. Polity Press.
  18. Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829–859. doi:10.1177/0891243205278639
  19. Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. doi:10.2307/1229039
  20. Duncanson, C., & Woodward, R. (2016). Regendering the Military: Theorizing Women’s Military participation. Security Dialogue, 47(1). doi:10.1177/0967010615614137
  21. Enloe, C. (2000). Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. University of California Press.
  22. Enloe, C. (2000). Maneuvers: The international Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives. University of California Press.
  23. Enloe, Cynthia. (2007). Globalization and Militarism : Feminists Make The Link. Rowman & Littlefield.
  24. Enloe, Cynthia. (2016). Globalization and Militarism: Feminists Make the Link (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. doi:10.5771/9783845282251
  25. Fairclough, N. (2013). Critical Discourse Analysis. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315834368
  26. Fineman, Martha. (2004). The Autonomy Myth : A Theory of Dependency. New Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Autonomy_Myth.html?hl=id&id=v5qIQgAACAAJ
  27. Grønmo, S. (2020). Social Research Methods: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
  28. Hays, Sharon. (1998). The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood. Yale University Press. Retrieved from https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300076523/the-cultural-contradictions-of-motherhood/
  29. Herbert, M. S. (2000). Camouflage Isn’t Only for Combat : Gender, Sexuality and Women In The Military. New York University Press.
  30. Hochschild, A. (2012). The Second Shift: Working Families and The Revolution at Home. Penguin Group.
  31. Karim, S., & Beardsley, K. (2017). Equal Opportunity Peacekeeping: Women, Peace, and Security in Post-Conflict States. Oxford University Press.
  32. Lazar, M. M. (2007). Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis: Articulating a Feminist Discourse Praxis1. Critical Discourse Studies, 4(2), 141–164. doi:10.1080/17405900701464816
  33. McCall, L. (2005). The Complexity of Intersectionality. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30(3), 1771–1800. doi:10.1086/426800
  34. McNay, L. (1999). Gender, Habitus and the Field. Theory, Culture & Society, 16(1), 95–117. doi:10.1177/026327699016001007
  35. Mohanty, C. (1988). Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses. Feminist Review, 30(1), 61–88. doi:10.1057/fr.1988.42
  36. Pateman, C. (2016). The Sexual Contract (Anniversary 30th). Stanford University Press.
  37. Pettman, J. J. (2005). Worlding Women. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203991442
  38. Ridgeway, C. L. (2019). UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE OF STATUS INEQUALITY: WHY IS IT EVERYWHERE? WHY DOES IT MATTER? In Advances in Group Processes (Vol. 36). doi:10.1108/S0882-614520190000036003
  39. Rudberg, E. (2023, June 20). The Importance of Meaningful Participation of Female Peacekeepers. Retrieved 31 July 2025, from https://wiisglobal.org/the-importance-of-meaningful-participation-of-female-peacekeepers/
  40. Runyan, A. S., & Peterson, V. S. (2018). Gender and Global Security. In Global Gender Issues in the New Millennium (4th Edition, pp. 137–178). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780429493782
  41. Sasson-Levy, O. (2003). Feminism and Military Gender Practices: Israeli Women Soldiers in ‘Masculine’ Roles. Sociological Inquiry. doi:10.1111/1475-682x.00064
  42. Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. Yale University Press.
  43. Sjoberg, L. (2013). Gender, War, and Conflict. . Polity Press.
  44. Sjoberg, L., & Via, S. E. (2010). Gender, War, and Militarism: Feminist Perspectives. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
  45. Smith, D. G., & Segal, M. W. (2013). On The Fast Track: Dual Military Couples Navigating Institutional Structures. In Visions of the 21st Century Family: Transforming Structures and Identities. Contemporary perspectives in family research (Vol. 7).
  46. Stone, P. (2007). Cocooning: The Drift to Domesticity. In Opting Out?: Why Women Really Quit Careers and Head Home (1st ed, pp. 181–206). University of California Press.
  47. Thornton, M. (1991). The Public/Private Dichotomy: Gendered and Discriminatory. Journal of Law and Society.
  48. United Nations Peacekeeping. (2023). Women, Peace and Security. Retrieved 7 November 2025, from https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/women-peace-and-security-0
  49. United Nations Security Council. (2000). United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security.
  50. Walby, S. (1989). Theorising Patriarchy. Sociology, 23(2), 213–234. doi:10.1177/0038038589023002004
  51. Wesson, M., & MacKinnon, C. A. (1989). Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 10(3). doi:10.2307/3346457
  52. Widjonarko, W. (2024). Analysis of Gender Equality within the Security Sector in Indonesia. Retrieved 24 August 2025, from https://www.securitywomen.org/country-analysis/indonesia
  53. Williams, J., Boyle, J., Davis, A., Ertman, M., Polikoff, N., Silbaugh, K. B., … Volpp, L. (1999). Unbending Gender: Why Work and Family Conflict and What to Do About It. American University Law Review, 49, 943–985. Retrieved from https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/2183
  54. Woodward, R., & Winter, T. (2007). British Army Personnel Policies and The Politics of Female Difference. In Sexing the Soldier: The Politics of Gender and the Contemporary British Army (pp. 38–60). Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203946251
  55. Yuval‐Davis, N. (1993). Gender and Nation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 16(4), 621–632. doi:10.1080/01419870.1993.9993800